👁️🔍 FUNDUS EXAMINATION – NORMAL vs ABNORMAL FINDINGS Know What is Normal to Detect Disease Early Fundus examination helps evaluate the retina, optic disc, blood vessels and macula. Recognizing normal and abnormal findings is essential for accurate diagnosis. ✅ NORMAL FUNDUS FINDINGS Optic Disc • Pink color • Clear and sharp margins • Cup-to-disc ratio ≤ 0.3 • Central cup present Retinal Vessels • Normal artery-vein ratio (2:3) • Smooth vessel course • No crossing changes Macula • Darker than s
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👁️🔍 FUNDUS EXAMINATION – NORMAL vs ABNORMAL FINDINGS Know What is Normal to Detect Disease Early Fundus examination helps evaluate the retina, optic disc, blood vessels and macula. Recognizing normal and abnormal findings is essential for accurate diagnosis. ✅ NORMAL FUNDUS FINDINGS Optic Disc • Pink color • Clear and sharp margins • Cup-to-disc ratio ≤ 0.3 • Central cup present Retinal Vessels • Normal artery-vein ratio (2:3) • Smooth vessel course • No crossing changes Macula • Darker than s
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